Medicolegal aspects of documentation and the electronic health record / Aspectos medicolegales de la documentación y la historia clínica electrónica

Introduction: The busiest times in the hospital are often met by the greatest challenges in complete and comprehensive documentation of the patient care event. The near complete transition to the Electronic Health Record (EHR) was to be the solution to a host of provider documentation concerns. It is clear the EHR provides reliability, reproducibility, integration, evidence based decision-making, multidisciplinary contribution across the entire healthcare spectrum.Methods: The use of a consensus of expert opinion supplemented by focused literature review allows a balanced evidence based presentation of data. Results: Documentation is not a perfect tool however, as issues with efficiency, reliability, use of shortcut maneuvers and potential for increased medico-legal risk have been raised. The solution is attention to documentation detail, and creation of systems that facilitate excellence. The focus on electronic documentation systems should include continual evaluation, ongoing improvement, involvement of a multidisciplinary patient care team and vendor receptiveness to in EHR development and operations. Conclusion: The most effective use of the EHR as a risk management tool requires documentation knowledge, targeted analysis, product improvement and co-development of clinical-commercial resource.(AU)

Introducción: Los momentos de mayor actividad en el hospital a menudo se enfrentan con los mayores desafíos en cuanto a la documentación completa y exhaustiva del evento de atención al paciente. La transición casi completa a la historia clínica electrónica (HCE) iba a ser la solución a una serie de preocupaciones sobre la documentación de los proveedores. Está claro que la HCE proporciona confiabilidad, reproducibilidad, integración, toma de decisiones basada en la evidencia y contribución multidisciplinaria en todo el espectro de la atención médica.Métodos: El uso de un consenso de opinión de expertos complementado con una revisión de la literatura enfocada permite una presentación equilibrada de los datos basada en la evidencia.Resultados: La documentación no es una herramienta perfecta, ya que se han planteado problemas de eficiencia, confiabilidad, uso de maniobras abreviadas y la posibilidad de un mayor riesgo medicolegal. La solución es la atención al detalle de la documentación y la creación de sistemas que faciliten la excelencia. El enfoque en los sistemas de documentación electrónica debe incluir evaluación continua, mejora continua, participación de un equipo multidisciplinario de atención al paciente y receptividad de los proveedores en el desarrollo y las operaciones de la HCE. Conclusión: El uso más eficaz de la HCE como herramienta de gestión de riesgos requiere conocimiento de la documentación, análisis específicos, mejora del producto y desarrollo conjunto de recursos clínico-comerciales.(AU)

Medicolegal aspects of documentation and the electronic health record.

INTRODUCTION: The busiest times in the hospital are often met by the greatest challenges in complete and comprehensive documentation of the patient care event. The near complete transition to the Electronic Health Record (EHR) was to be the solution to a host of provider documentation concerns. It is clear the EHR provides reliability, reproducibility, integration, evidence based decision-making, multidisciplinary contribution across the entire healthcare spectrum. METHODS: The use of a consensus of expert opinion supplemented by focused literature review allows a balanced evidence based presentation of data. RESULTS: Documentation is not a perfect tool however, as issues with efficiency, reliability, use of shortcut maneuvers and potential for increased medico-legal risk have been raised. The solution is attention to documentation detail, and creation of systems that facilitate excellence. The focus on electronic documentation systems should include continual evaluation, ongoing improvement, involvement of a multidisciplinary patient care team and vendor receptiveness to in EHR development and operations. CONCLUSION: The most effective use of the EHR as a risk management tool requires documentation knowledge, targeted analysis, product improvement and co-development of clinical-commercial resource.

Historia clínica electrónica: miradas críticas de médicos del área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina / Electronic medical records: critical views of doctors in the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires, Argentina / Registro médico eletrônico: pontos de vista críticos dos médicos da área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Resumen Los procesos de digitalización del siglo XX extendieron el uso de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación al campo de la salud. El artículo aborda la Historia Clínica Electrónica a partir de las críticas y debilidades señaladas por especialistas en Clínica Médica, Medicina General y/o de Familia del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El diseño metodológico cualitativo incluyó 43 entrevistas realizadas entre junio de 2019 y marzo de 2020. El andamiaje teórico interpretativo articula tres campos: Comunicación y Salud; Biomedicina, Biopolítica y Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación; Subjetividad, Derechos y Género. Los principales resultados conciernen a cambios en las relaciones médico-paciente, registro y uso de datos, implicancias sobre los derechos y las subjetividades, potencialidades y problemáticas de la informatización en salud en un contexto de precaria infraestructura, desafíos en la regulación y desigualdades estructurales.(AU)

Abstract Digitalization has extended the use of information and communications technologies in the field of health. This article addresses electronic medical records drawing on the criticisms and weaknesses highlighted by clinical specialists, general practitioners, and family doctors working in the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The qualitative research design included 43 interviews conducted between June 2019 and March 2020. We developed an interpretive framework structured around three categories: communications and health; biomedicine, biopolitics and information and communication technologies; subjectivity, rights and gender. The main results refer to: changes in doctor-patient relations; data recording and usage; implications for rights and subjectivities; potential and challenges of health informatization in a context of precarious infrastructure; and regulatory challenges and structural inequalities.(AU)

Resumo Os processos de digitalização do século XX estenderam o uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação ao campo da saúde. O artigo aborda o Registro Médico Eletrônico a partir das críticas e fragilidades apontadas por especialistas em Clínica Médica, Medicina Geral e / ou Família da Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. O desenho metodológico qualitativo incluiu 43 entrevistas realizadas entre junho de 2019 e março de 2020. O referencial teórico interpretativo articula três campos: Comunicação e Saúde; Biomedicina, Biopolítica e Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação; Subjetividade, Direitos e Gênero. Os principais resultados referem-se a mudanças nas relações médico-paciente, registro e uso de dados, implicações em direitos e subjetividades, potencialidades e problemas de informatização em saúde em um contexto de infraestrutura precária, desafios na regulação e desigualdades estruturais.(AU)

Módulo Consulta externa del Sistema de información hospitalaria XAVIA HIS

La gestión de la información de salud del paciente, así como de los diferentes servicios que se brindan en los centros de atención de salud, constituyen elementos cruciales para prestar un servicio de salud de buena calidad. El Sistema de Información Hospitalaria XAVIA HIS, constituye una solución integral para la gestión médica de hospitales y centros de salud. En el módulo de Consulta externa se gestiona la información referente a la atención a pacientes ambulatorios en diferentes especialidades. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir las principales funcionalidades y especialidades médicas incluidas en el módulo Consulta externa del sistema XAVIA HIS. El desarrollo estuvo guiado por la metodología de desarrollo Proceso Ágil Unificado. variante UCI y fueron empleadas las tecnologías, herramientas y lenguajes que forman parte de la arquitectura del sistema definida por el Centro de Informática Médica, entre las cuales se pueden mencionar: Java Enterprise Edition 6 como plataforma de programación para el desarrollo y la ejecución del sistema, como sistema gestor de base de datos se empleó PostgreSQL 10, como herramienta de modelado Visual Paradigm para UML, la notación BPMN 2.0 (Business Process Management Notation) y el Lenguaje Unificado de Modelado (UML) y el estándar HL7 CDA® (Clinical Document Architecture) para homogeneizar la arquitectura de los documentos clínicos. El desarrollo de este módulo refuerza la base de conocimientos necesaria para la toma de decisiones clínicas y administrativas, mejora el acceso a la información y la calidad de la asistencia a los pacientes.

The patient's health information management, as well as different services provided in health care centers, constitutes crucial elements to provide a good quality health service. The Hospital Information System XAVIA HIS establishes a comprehensive solution for hospitals and health centers medical management. The Outpatient module manages the information regarding outpatient care in different specialties. This paper aims to describe the main functionalities and medical specialties included in the Outpatient module of the XAVIA HIS system. The development was guided by the AUP development methodology (an UCI variant), and to achieve it, the technologies, tools and languages used are part of the system architecture defined by the CESIM and mentioned as follow: Java Enterprise Edition 6 platform as the Runtime Environment, PostgreSQL 10 as the database management system, Visual Paradigm as modeling tool for UML, the BPMN 2.0 notation (Business Process Management Notation), the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the HL7 CDA® (Clinical Document Architecture) standard to standardize the architecture of clinical documents. This module development reinforces the knowledge base necessary for clinical and administrative decision-making, improves access to information and patients' care quality.

Desarrollo y aceptación en el uso de Preanestes@s, una aplicación web para la evaluación preanestésica. Estudio prospectivo de cohortes / Development and patient acceptance of Preanestes@s, a web-based application and electronic questionnaire for preoperative assessment. A prospective cohort study

Antecedentes y objetivos: Preanestes@s es una aplicación para la evaluación preanestésica con un cuestionario electrónico (PreQuest) que facilita la gestión automatizada de la información preoperatoria. Preanestes@s permite la evaluación preoperatoria no presencial-no telefónica. Nuestro principal objetivo fue la identificación de aquellos factores que predicen la compleción adecuada de PreQuest. También evaluamos la experiencia del paciente con la aplicación. Materiales y métodos: Incluimos 880 pacientes adultos programados para cirugía entre los años 2020 y 2021. Evaluamos la influencia de las condiciones del paciente en la compleción de PreQuest y su satisfacción con el uso de la aplicación. Resultados: Un total de 573 participantes (65,1%) completaron PreQuest. La edad menor de 65 años y el mayor nivel educativo se identificaron como predictores independientes para la compleción adecuada de PreQuest (p=0,04 y p=0,001, respectivamente). Un 89,4% de los participantes estuvo de acuerdo en que Preanestes@s era intuitivo y fácil de usar, y más del 85% manifestó su acuerdo con la mejora de la comunicación y la facilidad de uso del prototipo de PreQuest. La versión final de Preanestes@s y PreQuest fue evaluada por 218 participantes, y más del 74% corroboraron su facilidad de uso. Conclusiones: El uso de Preanestes@s para la evaluación preoperatoria está respaldado por altos niveles de satisfacción con el prototipo, y por una tasa de compleción del eQuest superior al 65%. En nuestra muestra, la menor edad y el mayor nivel de educación predijeron una más adecuada compleción de PreQuest. Registrado en Clinical Trials con número NCT04259268.(AU)

Background and objectives: We describe the development of Preanestes@s, a web-based application for preoperative assessment, which incorporates PreQuest, a smart computer-based self-assessment questionnaire for the automated management of information. Preanestes@s potentially enables remote non-telephonic preoperative assessment. The main objective of this work was the identification of factors that independently predict adequate completion of PreQuest. As a secondary objective, we assessed patient experience using the application. Material and methods: To assess the influence of patient conditions on PreQuest completion, our sample included 880 adult patients scheduled to undergo surgery at our institution between February 2020 and February 2021. We evaluated patient satisfaction and acceptability with the use of the application and PreQuest. Results: A total of 573 participants (65.1%) successfully completed the PreQuest. Age below 65 years and higher educational attainment were identified as independent predictors for PreQuest completion (P=.04 and P=.001, respectively). Most (89.4%) participants agreed that Preanestes@s was intuitive and easy to use, with over 85% showing high levels of acceptance of PreQuest prototype's communication improvement and ease of use. The final version of Preanestes@s and PreQuest was evaluated by 218 participants, many of whom (>74%) affirmed its ease of use. Conclusions: The use of Preanestes@s for preoperative assessment is supported by high levels of satisfaction with the prototype and by an eQuest completion rate greater than 65% in a non-selective population. In our sample, younger age and higher education attainment predicted higher rates PreQuest completion. Trial registration number NCT04259268.(AU)

Development and patient acceptance of Preanestes@s, a web-based application and electronic questionnaire for preoperative assessment. A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We describe the development of Preanestes@s, a web-based application for preoperative assessment, which incorporates PreQuest, a smart computer-based self-assessment questionnaire for the automated management of information. Preanestes@s potentially enables remote non-telephonic preoperative assessment. The main objective of this work was the identification of factors that independently predict adequate completion of PreQuest. As a secondary objective, we assessed patient experience using the application. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To assess the influence of patient conditions on PreQuest completion, our sample included 880 adult patients scheduled to undergo surgery at our institution between February 2020 and February 2021. We evaluated patient satisfaction and acceptability with the use of the application and PreQuest. RESULTS: A total of 573 participants (65.1%) successfully completed the PreQuest. Age below 65 years and higher educational attainment were identified as independent predictors for PreQuest completion (p = 0.04 and p = 0.001, respectively). Most (89.4%) participants agreed that Preanestes@s was intuitive and easy to use, with over 85% showing high levels of acceptance of PreQuest prototype's communication improvement and ease of use. The final version of Preanestes@s and PreQuest was evaluated by 218 participants, many of whom (>74%) affirmed its ease of use. CONCLUSIONS: The use of Preanestes@s for preoperative assessment is supported by high levels of satisfaction with the prototype and by an eQuest completion rate greater than 65% in a non-selective population. In our sample, younger age and higher education attainment predicted higher rates PreQuest completion. Trial registration number NCT04259268.

¿La integración de la gestión de servicios sanitarios mejora la coordinación clínica? Experiencia en Cataluña / Does the integration of health services management improve clinical coordination? Experience in Catalonia

Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia y la percepción de coordinación clínica entre niveles asistenciales y los factores relacionados, organizativos y de interacción entre profesionales, según el tipo de integración de la gestión de los servicios de salud del área en Cataluña. Método: Estudio transversal basado en una encuesta on-line mediante autoadministración del cuestionario COORDENA-CAT (octubre-diciembre 2017). Población de estudio: médicos/as de atención primaria y especializada de agudos y media y larga estancia del sistema sanitario catalán. Muestra: 3308 médicos/as. Variables de resultado: experiencia y percepción de coordinación clínica, conocimiento y uso de mecanismos de coordinación y factores relacionados. Variables explicativas: área según tipo de gestión (integrada, semiintegrada, no integrada), sociodemográficas, laborales y de actitud. Análisis descriptivos por tipo de área y multivariados mediante regresión de Poisson robusta. Resultados: Se observaron mejores resultados de experiencia y percepción de coordinación clínica en áreas integradas que en semiintegradas, en especial en la transferencia de información y el seguimiento adecuado entre niveles. En cambio, no se encontraron diferencias entre áreas integradas y no integradas en la experiencia, aunque sí en la percepción de coordinación y algunos factores. Algunos problemas identificados son comunes a todas las áreas, como la accesibilidad entre niveles. Conclusiones: Las pocas diferencias entre áreas integradas y no integradas parecen indicar que la integración de la gestión puede facilitar la coordinación clínica, pero no es condición suficiente. Las diferencias con áreas semiintegradas parecen indicar la necesidad de promover la cooperación entre todos los proveedores de un territorio, con objetivos y mecanismos de coordinación comunes, para evitar desigualdades en la calidad asistencial. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the experience and perception of clinical coordination across care levels and doctor's organizational and interactional related factors, according to the type of management integration of the healthcare services of the area, in Catalonia. Method: Cross-sectional study based on an online survey by self-administration of the questionnaire COORDENA-CAT. Data collection: October-December 2017. Study population: primary and secondary care (acute and long-term care) doctors of the public Catalan health system. Sample: 3308 doctors. Outcome variables: experience and perception of clinical coordination, knowledge and use of coordination mechanisms and organizational and interactional factors; explanatory variables: area according to type of management (integrated, semi-integrated, non-integrated), socio-demographic, employment characteristics and attitude toward work. Descriptive analysis by type of area and multivariate analysis by robust Poisson regression. Results: Better clinical coordination was observed in integrated areas compared to those semi-integrated, mainly in relation to information transfer, adequate follow-up and perception of coordination in the area. No differences were found between integrated and non-integrated areas in the clinical coordination experience, although there were differences in perception and some related factors. There are common problems across areas, such as accessibility to secondary care. Conclusions: Few differences were found between integrated and non-integrated areas, revealing that management integration may facilitate clinical coordination but is not enough. Differences with semi-integrated areas indicate the need to promote cooperation formulas between all the providers of the territory, with common objectives and coordination mechanisms, in order to avoid inequalities in quality of care. (AU)

Aprendizaje automático aplicado en área de la salud: parte 2 / Machine Learning In Healthcare: part 2

En el artículo anterior se introdujo el tema y se desarrolló cómo es la recolección y análisis de datos, la selección y entrenamiento de modelos de aprendizaje automático supervisados y los métodos de validación interna que permiten corroborar si el modelo arroja resultados similares a los de otros conjuntos de entrenamiento y de prueba. En este artículo continuaremos con la descripción de la evaluación del rendimiento, la selección del modelo más adecuado para identificar la característica que se va a evaluar y la validación externa del modelo. Además, el artículo resume los desafíos existentes en la implementación del Machine Learning desde la investigación al uso clínico. (AU)

In the previous article, we introduced topics such as data collection and analysis, selection and training of supervised machine learning models and methods of internal validation that allow to corroborate whether the model yields similar results to other training and test sets.In this article, we will continue with the description of the performance evaluation, selecting the most appropriate model to identify the characteristic to evaluate and the external validation of the model. In addition, the article summarizes the actual challenges in the implementation of machine learning from research to clinical use. (AU)

A feasibility analysis of digital interface to transfer information during doctors' handovers / Uma análise de viabilidade de interface digital para transferência de informações durante a passagem dos médicos / Análisis de viabilidad de la interfaz digital para apoyar los traspasos de turnos medicos

Objective: To report the pre-deployment analysis of a digital system to transfer patient information during physicians' obstetric shift sessions. Methods: A literature review explored evidence concerning electronic handover applications in hospitals. A survey met local approaches used to shift changing and the expectations of managers' stakeholders. To explore local practices, we analyzed a sample 251 obstetric handovers. Finally, requirements for the system were listed, and end-users evaluated mockups of the proposed design. Results: From the literature review, easy-to-use and integration with existing systems were the most critical requests to achieve user adherence. The main system requirement was using the hospital infrastructure to ensure full access to the current medical record. Mockup validation by end-users pinpointed items to improve a complete implementation and the positive acceptance of prefilled structured entries. Conclusions: There are blockages to overcome deficits in the quality of the information in clinical handovers to safely transfer patient care between doctors' shifts.

Objetivo: Relatar a análise pré-implantação de um sistema para transferência de dados clínicos durante as sessões de plantão obstétrico. Métodos: Uma revisão de literatura explorou evidências sobre sistemas hospitalares em uso. Um questionário levantou abordagens empregadas e as expectativas das partes interessadas. Para explorar as práticas, analisamos uma amostra de 251 transferências de plantão. Os requisitos para o sistema foram listados e os usuários finais avaliaram protótipos de interface. Resultados: A partir da revisão da literatura, a facilidade de uso e a integração com sistemas eletrônicos existentes foram os quesitos mais críticos para alcançar a adesão dos usuários. O principal requisito de sistema foi utilizar a infraestrutura do hospital para garantir o acesso ao prontuário eletrônio. Na validação das interfaces, identificaram-se itens de melhoria antes da implementação plena e uma aceitação de entradas estruturadas, pré-preenchidas. Conclusões: Há desafios para superar déficits na qualidade da informação clínica trocada em sessões de transferência de plantões médicos, para garantir a segurança do atendimento ao paciente.

Objetivo: Reportar el análisis previo al despliegue de un sistema digital para transferir información de pacientes durante las sesiones de turno de médicos obstétricos. Métodos: Uma revisión de literatura explorou evidencias sobre sistemas hospitalares em uso. Um questionário levantou abordagens empregadas e as expectativas das partes interessadas. Para explorar las prácticas, analizamos una muestra de 251 transferencias de planta. Los requisitos para el sistema de listados y los usuarios finales para evaluar los prototipos de la interfaz. Resultados: partir de la revisión de la literatura, la facilidad de uso y la integración de los sistemas electrónicos existentes para las preguntas más críticas para alcanzar el objetivo de los usuarios. O principal requisito de sistema para utilizar una infraestructura del hospital para garantizar o acesso ao prontuário eletrônio. Na validação das interfaces, identificaram-se itens de melhoria antes da implementação plena e uma aceitação de entradas estruturadas, pré-preenchidas. Conclusiones: Há desafios para superar los déficits en la calidad de la información clínica trocada en sesiones de transferencia de plantas médicas, para garantizar una atención segura al paciente.

[Does the integration of health services management improve clinical coordination? Experience in Catalonia]. / ¿La integración de la gestión de servicios sanitarios mejora la coordinación clínica? Experiencia en Cataluña.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the experience and perception of clinical coordination across care levels and doctor's organizational and interactional related factors, according to the type of management integration of the healthcare services of the area, in Catalonia. METHOD: Cross-sectional study based on an online survey by self-administration of the questionnaire COORDENA-CAT. DATA COLLECTION: October-December 2017. STUDY POPULATION: primary and secondary care (acute and long-term care) doctors of the public Catalan health system. SAMPLE: 3308 doctors. OUTCOME VARIABLES: experience and perception of clinical coordination, knowledge and use of coordination mechanisms and organizational and interactional factors; explanatory variables: area according to type of management (integrated, semi-integrated, non-integrated), socio-demographic, employment characteristics and attitude toward work. Descriptive analysis by type of area and multivariate analysis by robust Poisson regression. RESULTS: Better clinical coordination was observed in integrated areas compared to those semi-integrated, mainly in relation to information transfer, adequate follow-up and perception of coordination in the area. No differences were found between integrated and non-integrated areas in the clinical coordination experience, although there were differences in perception and some related factors. There are common problems across areas, such as accessibility to secondary care. CONCLUSIONS: Few differences were found between integrated and non-integrated areas, revealing that management integration may facilitate clinical coordination but is not enough. Differences with semi-integrated areas indicate the need to promote cooperation formulas between all the providers of the territory, with common objectives and coordination mechanisms, in order to avoid inequalities in quality of care.

[Electronic medical record and prescription: risks and benefits detected since its implementation. Safe designing, rollout and use]. / Historia clínica y receta electrónica: riesgos y beneficios detectados desde su implantación. Diseño, despliegue y usos seguros.

New information technologies have transformed the way care is delivered within health services, permeating almost every aspect of health care. As the complexity of the system increases, it becomes more difficult to work optimally without the assistance of new technologies. Although its implementation represents a breakthrough, either because of the advancement involved in the proper use of any technology in health care, or because of the development of specific applications that improve patient safety, other factors such as incorrect design, implementation and poor maintenance, inadequate training, along with overconfidence and dependency, can make technologies compromise patient safety. This article describes the beneficial effects, and those that are not so, of the introduction in our country of the electronic medical record and the electronic prescription on the healthcare quality and safety.

Aprendizaje automático aplicado en área de la salud: parte 1 / Machine learning in healthcare: part 1

Este será el primero de dos artículos donde se tratarán los pasos necesarios para desarrollar un proyecto de aplicación de técnicas de Machine Learning en Salud, que introduce nociones sobre la recolección y análisis de datos, la selección y entrenamiento de modelos de aprendizaje auto-mático de tipo supervisado y los métodos de validación interna para cada modelo. (AU)

This will be the first of two articles where the steps needed to apply machine learning methods in healthcare will be discussed. It will introduce fundamental notions about data collection, selection and training of supervised ML models as well as the methods of internal validation. In a second article, we will discuss about the performance evaluation to select the most appropriate model and its external validation. (AU)

Influências dos canais de comunicação, sistema social e tempo na difusão do prontuário eletrônico do cidadão no Brasil / Influence of the elements communication channels, social system and time on the diffusion of the Electronic Health Record

O objetivo do artigo é analisar as influências dos elementos (canais de comunicação, sistema social e tempo) sobre a difusão do Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão. Foi realizado um estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa, fundamentado na Teoria da Difusão da Inovação, contendo 17 entrevistas e observações do cotidiano de trabalho de 8 equipes de saúde da família envolvidas na utilização da tecnologia em um Município do oeste de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, modalidade Temático-Categorial, e sistematizados com o software Atlas Ti. Observou-se que os canais de comunicação de massa de mídia e interpessoais potencializaram a difusão da tecnologia. Além disso, destacou-se a aceitação da inovação, fomentada pelo enfermeiro, que motivou e mobilizou a equipe para essa aderência. Foi possível compreender que alguns fatores contribuíram para resistência, como por exemplo, médicos e outros profissionais, com maior tempo de trabalho, consideravam a tecnologia complexa e o tempo insuficiente. A difusão da tecnologia também foi influenciada por estratégias no contexto do sistema social: criação de escalas de digitação, revezamentos, acordos, dentre outras. Alguns desafios emergiram: coexistência entre as tecnologias referentes ao Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão e o prontuário em ofício, conflitos, deficiências estruturais e de capacitação, e subutilização da tecnologia. Constatou-se que os elementos (canais de comunicação, tempo e sistema social), influenciam a difusão da inovação, predominantemente, colaborando para sua adoção no contexto estudado(AU)

El propósito del artículo fue analizar la influencia de los elementos canales de comunicación, sistema social y tiempo en la difusión del Registro Ciudadano Electrónico en Brasil. Se realizó un estudio de caso, con enfoque cualitativo, basado en la Teoría de Difusión de la Innovación, que contiene 17 entrevistas y observaciones del trabajo diario de 8 equipos de salud familiar involucrados en el uso de la tecnología en una ciudad del occidente de Minas Gerais. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis de contenido y la modalidad temático-categorial, sistematizados con el software Atlas Ti. Se observó que los medios de comunicación y los canales de comunicación interpersonal potenciaron la difusión de la tecnología. Además, se destacó la aceptación de la innovación, impulsada por la enfermera, que motivó y movilizó al equipo para esta adherencia. Se pudo comprender que algunos factores contribuían a la resistencia, por ejemplo, los médicos y otros profesionales, con mayor jornada laboral, consideraban el complejo tecnológico y el tiempo insuficiente. La difusión de la tecnología también estuvo influenciada por estrategias en el contexto del sistema social: creación de escalas de mecanografía, relevos, acuerdos, entre otros. Han surgido algunos desafíos: convivencia entre tecnologías relacionadas con la Historia Clínica Electrónica del Ciudadano y la historia clínica, conflictos, deficiencias estructurales y formativas y subutilización de la tecnología. Se encontró que los elementos (canales de comunicación, tiempo y sistema social), influyen en la difusión de la innovación, predominantemente, colaborando para su adopción en el contexto estudiado(AU)

The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of the elements communication channels, social system and time on the diffusion of the Electronic Health Record in Brasil. A qualitative case study was conducted based on innovation diffusion theory, which contains 17 interviews and observations of the daily work of eight family health teams involved in the use of technology in a city of western Minas Gerais. The data were processed by thematic-categorial content analysis and systematized with the software Atlas Ti. Communication means and interpersonal communication channels were found to strengthen technology diffusion. Acceptance of the innovation was fostered by the nurse, who encouraged and mobilized the team in this direction. It was observed that some factors contributed to resistance. For example, doctors and other professionals with longer work hours considered that the technology was complex and the time available insufficient. Diffusion of technology was also affected by strategies deriving from the social system context: creation of typing scales, reliefs and agreements, among others. Some challenges have emerged: coexistence of technologies related to the Electronic Health Record and the clinical record, conflicts, structural and training deficiencies, and underused technology. It was found that the elements communication channels, time and social system influence innovation diffusion, mainly by fostering its adoption in the context studied(AU)

Caracterización de un corpus extraído de historias clínicas electrónicas de maternas a través de técnicas de procesamiento de lenguaje natural / Characterization of a corpus extracted from maternal electronic health records through natural language processing techniques

Este artículo tuvo como propósito caracterizar el texto libre disponible en una historia clínica electrónica de una institución orientada a la atención de pacientes en embarazo. La historia clínica electrónica, más que ser un repositorio de datos, se ha convertido en un sistema de soporte a la toma de decisiones clínicas. Sin embargo, debido al alto volumen de información y a que parte de la información clave de las historias clínicas electrónicas está en forma de texto libre, utilizar todo el potencial que ofrece la información de la historia clínica electrónica para mejorar la toma de decisiones clínicas requiere el apoyo de métodos de minería de texto y procesamiento de lenguaje natural. Particularmente, en el área de Ginecología y Obstetricia, la implementación de métodos del procesamiento de lenguaje natural podría ayudar a agilizar la identificación de factores asociados al riesgo materno. A pesar de esto, en la literatura no se registran trabajos que integren técnicas de procesamiento de lenguaje natural en las historias clínicas electrónicas asociadas al seguimiento materno en idioma español. En este trabajo se obtuvieron 659 789 tokens mediante los métodos de minería de texto, un diccionario con palabras únicas dado por 7 334 tokens y se estudiaron los n-grams más frecuentes. Se generó una caracterización con una arquitectura de red neuronal CBOW (continuos bag of words) para la incrustación de palabras. Utilizando algoritmos de clustering se obtuvo evidencia que indica que palabras cercanas en el espacio de incrustación de 300 dimensiones pueden llegar a representar asociaciones referentes a tipos de pacientes, o agrupar palabras similares, incluyendo palabras escritas con errores ortográficos. El corpus generado y los resultados encontrados sientan las bases para trabajos futuros en la detección de entidades (síntomas, signos, diagnósticos, tratamientos), la corrección de errores ortográficos y las relaciones semánticas entre palabras para generar resúmenes de historias clínicas o asistir el seguimiento de las maternas mediante la revisión automatizada de la historia clínica electrónica(AU)

The purpose of this article was to characterize the free text available in an electronic health record of an institution, directed at the care of patients in pregnancy. More than being a data repository, the electronic health record (HCE) has become a clinical decision support system (CDSS). However, due to the high volume of information, as some of the key information in EHR is in free text form, using the full potential that EHR information offers to improve clinical decision-making requires the support of methods of text mining and natural language processing (PLN). Particularly in the area of gynecology and obstetrics, the implementation of PLN methods could help speed up the identification of factors associated with maternal risk. Despite this, in the literature there are no papers that integrate PLN techniques in EHR associated with maternal follow-up in Spanish. Taking into account this knowledge gap, in this work a corpus was generated and characterized from the EHRs of a gynecology and obstetrics service characterized by treating high-risk maternal patients. PLN and text mining methods were implemented on the data, obtaining 659 789 tokens and a dictionary with unique words given by 7 334 tokens. The characterization of the data was developed from the identification of the most frequent words and n-grams and a vector representation of embedding words in a 300-dimensional space was performed using a CBOW (Continuous Bag of Words) neural network architecture. The embedding of words allowed to verify by means of Clustering algorithms, that the words associated to the same group can come to represent associations referring to types of patients, or group similar words, including words written with spelling errors. The corpus generated and the results found lay the foundations for future work in the detection of entities (symptoms, signs, diagnoses, treatments), correction of spelling errors and semantic relationships between words to generate summaries of medical records or assist the follow-up of mothers through the automated review of the electronic health record(AU)

Experiencia del Complejo Hospitalario San Pablo (Perú) en la implementación de un sistema de historias clínicas electrónicas

En Perú, la mayoría de establecimientos de salud, tanto públicos como privados aún se gestionan con formatos de historias clínicas en papel. La migración al sistema de información de historias clínicas electrónicas (SIHCE) es un gran reto en múltiples aspectos. El Complejo Hospitalario San Pablo (CHSP) está conformado por once establecimientos de salud distribuidos en cuatro departamentos del Perú. En el presente artículo relatamos el proceso de implementación del SIHCE en el CHSP mediante el circuito del software, para el cual se siguieron los siguientes pasos: 1) Decisión de implementar un sistema de HCE, 2) Constitución del comité, 3) Benchmarking y evaluación del proveedor, 4) Plan de implementación, 5) Reuniones de coordinación, 6) Pruebas, 7) Capacitaciones, 8) Go Live, y 9) Implementación por réplica. Asimismo, reflexionamos sobre las lecciones aprendidas durante este proceso, las cuales giran en torno a dos ángulos: gestión frente al cambio y modificaciones en los procesos. La experiencia presentada en el presente artículo podría ser de utilidad para otras instituciones prestadoras de salud que deseen o estén en proceso de implementar un SIHCE en un contexto similar al nuestro.

In Peru, the vast majority of health facilities, both public and private, still have medical record formats on paper. Migration to the electronic health records information system (SIHCE) has been seen to be a great challenge in many respects. The San Pablo Hospital Complex (CHSP) is made up of eleven health establishments distributed in four departments of the country. In this article we report the process of implementing the SIHCE in the CHSP through the software circuit, for which the following steps were followed: 1) Decision to implement an EHR system, 2) Constitution of the committee, 3) Benchmarking and evaluation 4) Implementation plan, 5) Coordination meetings, 6) Testing, 7) Trainings, 8) Go Live, and 9) Implementation by replication. Likewise, we reflect on the lessons learned during this process, which revolve around two angles: management versus change and process modifications. The experience presented in this paper could be of use to other healthcare providers that wish or are in the process of implementing an SIHCE system in a context similar to ours.

Módulo Medios diagnósticos para el Sistema de Información Hospitalaria XAVIA HIS / Diagnostic Means Module for the XAVIA HIS Hospital Information System

El Sistema de Información Hospitalaria XAVIA HIS desarrollado por el Centro de Informática Médica (CESIM) está compuesto por módulos que aseguran la informatización de los procesos de las áreas de la institución hospitalaria. En la actualidad la gestión de los principales medios de diagnóstico se realiza de forma dispersa en diferentes módulos o sistemas. En este trabajo se presenta el módulo de Medios de Diagnóstico, desarrollo que permite la gestión de informes de solicitudes y resultados de forma configurable, así como la planificación de horarios y gestión de citas. Se analizó el proceso de negocio asociado a la gestión de información de medios de diagnóstico, se realizó un estudio de sistemas existentes con propósitos similares y se evaluaron tecnologías para su implementación. Se utilizó AUP-UCI como metodología de desarrollo, Java como lenguaje de programación y otras tecnologías libres y multiplataforma. El patrón arquitectónico implementado fue modelo-vista-controlador. El módulo de Medios de Diagnóstico del sistema XAVIA HIS, permite el soporte de los procesos de atención al paciente y la integración de la información sobre los medios de diagnóstico, además fomenta un aumento en la calidad del servicio. El módulo facilita la configuración de aspectos de solicitud e informe de las pruebas diagnósticas y la planificación de horarios y citas(AU)

Hospital Information System XAVIA HIS developed by the Medical Informatics Center (CESIM) is made up of modules that ensure the computerization of hospital institution areas processes. Currently, the management of the main diagnostic means is realized in a dispersed way in different modules or systems. This paper presents the Diagnostic Means module, development that allows the requests and results reports management in a configurable way, as well as the schedules planning and appointments management. The business process associated with the diagnostic means information management was analyzed, an existing systems study with similar purposes was carried out, and technologies for their implementation were evaluated. AUP-UCI were used as development methodology, Java as programming language and other free and multiplatform technologies. The architectural pattern implemented was model-view-controller. The XAVIA HIS system Diagnostic Means module, allows the patient care processes support and integration of information regarding diagnostic means, also encourages an increase in the service quality. The module facilitates the request and report aspects configuration of the diagnostic tests and the schedules and appointments planning(AU)

Propuesta de nuevas funcionalidades para la gestión de la Historia Clínica Electrónica en el sistema XAVIA HIS / New features proposal to the Electronic Health Record management in the XAVIA HIS system

La digitalización de la historia clínica, documento indispensable en la atención de salud y que posee carácter legal, es uno de los focos de atención en la e-Salud. El sistema XAVIA HIS compuesto por módulos que informatizan los procesos e interconectan las diferentes áreas de una institución hospitalaria, posee como atributo fundamental, una historia clínica electrónica única por paciente. Esta se compone por documentos basados en el estándar HL7-CDA. Sin embargo, el sistema XAVIA HIS presenta algunas limitantes en la interacción con otras aplicaciones que gestionen la información de salud. En el trabajo se presentan las modificaciones a realizar al Sistema de Información Hospitalaria XAVIA HIS para mejorar la capacidad de gestión de las historias clínicas electrónicas del sistema. Se realizó un análisis de la literatura disponible sobre la gestión de las HCE y se evaluó el mecanismo que emplean sistemas homólogos nacionales e internacionales. Para guiar el desarrollo de la propuesta se empleó la metodología AUP-UCI; UML se empleó para el modelado de los artefactos de ingeniería y BPMN como lenguaje de notación para los procesos de negocio. Las modificaciones que se presentan, le permitirán al sistema XAVIA HIS interactuar con sistemas externos que generen documentos HL7-CDA. Adicionalmente, se añaden funcionalidades para mejorar la impresión de documentos clínicos que se exportan, así como la generación de resúmenes de la historia clínica(AU)

One of the e-Health approaches is the digitalization of the medical record, an essential document in health care and with a legal character. The XAVIA HIS system, made up of modules to manage the processes and interconnect the different areas of a hospital institution, has as a fundamental attribute, a unique electronic medical record per patient. It is made up of documents based on the HL7-CDA standard. However, the XAVIA HIS system presents some limitations to interaction with other applications also managing health information. This paper presents the new features and changes to be made to the Hospital Information System XAVIA HIS to improve the electronic medical records management of the mentioned system. An analysis of the available literature on EHR management was carried out and the mechanism used by national and international counterpart systems was evaluated. To guide the development of the proposal, the AUP-UCI methodology was used; UML was used for modeling the engineering artifacts and BPMN as a notation language for business processes. The modifications that are presented will allow the XAVIA HIS system to interact with external systems which also generate HL7-CDA documents. Additionally, functionalities are added to improve the printing of clinical documents that are exported, as well as the generation of summaries of the medical record(AU)

Prontuário Eletrônico do Paciente (PEP) na Educação Médica: benefícios e preocupações / Electronic Health Record (EHR) in Medical Education: benefits and concerns / Historia Clínica Electrónica (HCE) del paciente en la educación médica: beneficios y las preocupaciones

Objetivo: Este artigo busca identificar quais os principais benefícios e as preocupações com o uso do Prontuário Eletrônico do Paciente (PEP) na educação médica. Método: Utilizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura em periódicos dos Portais CAPES e BVS, publicados entre 2009-2019. Resultados: Os principais benefícios estão relacionados ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem, com a facilidade e rapidez de acesso às informações dos pacientes que têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico e o feedback dos preceptores sob as informações inseridas pelos alunos no PEP. A maior parte das preocupações está relacionada a questões institucionais com infraestrutura de tecnologia da informação e custos com licenças de uso do PEP pelos discentes. Conclusão: Este estudo apresenta aspectos do PEP que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades clínicas nos discentes, quando utilizam a plataforma digital nas unidades de prática clínica.

Objective: This study identifies the main benefits and concerns of using Electronic Health Record (EHR) in Medical Education. Method: This is a systematic review of the literature in scientific journals, published between 2009-2019, and available through CAPES and BVS portals. Results: The main benefits identified were related with the teaching-learning process, with patient's information ease and speed of access which contributes both to the development of clinical reasoning and also to educators feedback based on students inputs using EHR. Most of the concerns are related with institutional issues such as information technology infrastructure and costs with students' licenses to use EHR. Conclusion: This study reveals EHR characteristics that contribute to the development of students clinical skills and abilities as they use the digital platform in clinical practice units.

Objetivo: Este estudio identificó los principales beneficios y las preocupaciones en la Historia Clínica Electrónica (HCE) del paciente en la educación médica. Método: Es una revisión sistemática de la literatura en periódicos de CAPES y BVS, publicados entre 2009-2019. Resultado: Los principales beneficios están relacionados al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con la facilidad y rapidez de acceso a las informaciones de los pacientes que contribuyen para el desarrollo del razonamiento clínico y la retroalimentación de los educadores desde las informaciones puestas por los alumnos en la HCE. La mayoría de las preocupaciones son sobre problemas institucionales de infraestructura de tecnología de información y costos con licencias de uso del HCE por los alumnos. Conclusión: Este estudio presenta aspectos del HCE que pueden contribuir al desarrollo de habilidades clínicas en los estudiantes, cuando utilicen la plataforma digital en las unidades de práctica clínica.

Instrumento para avaliar o uso do prontuário eletrônico do cidadão da estratégia e-SUS Atenção Primária à Saúde / Instrumento para evaluar el uso de la historia clínica electrónica de la estrategia e-sus Atención Primaria de Salud / Instrument to assess the use of the electronic health record of the e-SUS Primary Health Care strategy

Objetivo: descrever a construção e a validação de um instrumento para avaliar o uso do Prontuário Eletrôni-co do Cidadão da Estratégia e-SUS Atenção Primária (e-SUS APS). Materiais e métodos:Trata-se de um estudo metodológico no qual foi construído um Modelo Lógico do Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão da Estratégia e-SUSAPS, que eviden-cia a necessidade de descrever a Estratégia e-SUS APS, possibilitan-do observar de maneira ampliada a assistência na Atenção Primária à Saúde, e compreender o Prontuá-rio Eletrônico do Cidadão. O Mode-lo Lógico baseou-se em: gestão do e-SUS APS e Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão. O Modelo foi essencial para subsidiar a elaboração das questões avaliativas. Na sequência, foi elabo-rado um instrumento e realizada a validação de conteúdo e de aparência, considerando os critérios de relevân-cia, objetividade e clareza, por meio da Técnica Delphi. Para a análise dos dados, foram calculados o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e a Razão de Validade de Conteúdo das questões. Resultados:a validade foi realiza-da por 16 juízes, em duas rodadas. O instrumento final consta de 30 ques-tões ­ seis referentes ao perfil pessoal; duas, ao perfil da unidade de saúde e 22 questões de avaliação do Prontuá-rio Eletrônico do Cidadão e-SUS APS. Conclusões: conclui-se que o instrumento foi considerado apro-priado. Satisfação, facilidade do uso, suporte técnico, capacitação e utili-zação dos relatórios gerados foram os itens elencados como os mais impor-tantes nas questões. O instrumento poderá promover melhor articulação da equipe multiprofissional por meio das informações inseridas no sistema.

Objetivo: describir la construcción y validación de un instrumento para evaluar el uso de la historia clínica electrónica de la estrategia e-SUS Atención Primaria (e-SUS APS). Materiales y métodos: estudio metodológico en el que se construyó un modelo lógico de la historia clínica electrónica de la estrategia e-SUS APS, señalando la necesidad de describir dicha estrategia a fin de observar de una manera más amplia la asistencia a servicios de atención primaria de salud y además comprender la historia clínica electrónica del ciudadano. El modelo lógico se basó en la gestión de la e-SUS APS y la historia clínica electrónica del ciudadano, convirtiéndose en una herramienta esencial para apoyar la elaboración de preguntas de evaluación. Además, se elaboró un instrumento y se realizó la validación de su contenido y apariencia ­considerando criterios de relevancia, objetividad y claridad­ por medio del método Delphi. Para el análisis de datos, se calcularon el índice de validez de contenido y la razón de validez de contenido de las preguntas. Resultados: la validez del instrumento fue evaluada por 16 jueces, en dos rondas. El instrumento final contiene 30 preguntas, de las cuales seis se refieren al perfil personal, dos al perfil de la unidad de salud y 22 a la evaluación de la historia clínica electrónica e-SUS APS. Conclusiones: el instrumento es considerado apropiado, siendo la satisfacción, la facilidad de uso, el soporte técnico, la capacitación y el uso de los informes generados los elementos considerados como los más importantes. Esta herramienta puede promover una mejor articulación del equipo multiprofesional a través de la información introducida en el sistema.

Objective: To describe the construction and validation of an instrument to evaluate the use of the electronic health record of the e-SUS Primary Care (e-SUS APS). Materials and methods: Methodological study that involved the construction of a logical model of the electronic health record of the e-SUS APS Strategy. Said model highlights the need to describe the e-SUS APS Strategy in order to observe primary health assistance in a broader scope and also understand users' electronic health records. The logical model was built based on the operation of the e-SUS APS and users' electronic health records, becoming an essential input to support the elaboration of evaluation questions. An instrument was elaborated from such model, evaluating its content and appearance ­considering the criteria of relevance, objectivity and clarity­ through the Delphi technique. Content validity index and content validity ratio of questions were calculated prior to data analysis. Results: The validity of the instrument was assessed by 16 judges in two rounds. The final instrument contains 30 questions, six of them referring to the personal profile, two to the profile of the health unit, and 22 to the evaluation of the electronic health record of the e-SUS APS. Conclusions: The instrument was considered appropriate, with satisfaction, ease of usage, technical support, training, and the use of reports being the most important elements. This tool could promote better articulation of multi-professional teams through the use of the information inserted in the system.

[Impact of a quality improvement plan on the validation of drug prescriptions on the safety of the hospitalised patient]. / Impacto de un plan de mejora de calidad en la validación de la prescripción de fármacos sobre la seguridad de los pacientes hospitalizados.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medication errors are the most common adverse events in healthcare. Pharmaceutical validation (PV) seeks to reduce them. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of the introduction of an automated tool for the validation (VPAT) of the high clinical relevance drugs prescription (HCRD) over time of pharmaceutical intervention (PI), and to quantify the number of medication errors detected before and after its implementation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A two phase retrospective-observational single centre study was designed. A pre-intervention phase (Pre-P): PV of beds with Unit Dose Dispensing (October 2015 - February 2016), was followed by a post-intervention phase (Post-P): PV using a VPAT of HCRD in hospital patients (October 2016 - February 2017). HCRD were selected from the list of high-risk drugs of Institute for Safe Medication Practices. The data was obtained from the PI record (Access®) and the computerised prescription. The variables collected were: age and gender of the patients included, data of drugs prescription, and time to PI. RESULTS: A total of 477 PI were analysed in 404 patients, with a mean age of 65.9±19.5 years (53.22% women). The mean time up to PI was 25.6±24.72h in the Pre-P, and 18.87±20.44h in the Post-P (P=0.01). In Pre-P, 106 PI were performed (35.85% prevention of adverse reactions) compared to 371 PI (39.62% medication reconciliation) in Post-P. CONCLUSIONS: The VPAT enabled a greater number of medication errors to be detected and intervened in hospitalised patients, with a significantly reduced time to PI.